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Precision Software Appli…tions Silver Collection 1
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Precision Software Applications Silver Collection Volume One (PSM) (1993).iso
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A0INTRO.BKG
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1992-10-06
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Internal Workings of the Soviet System
Having come to power in October 1917 by means of a coup
d'tat, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks spent the next few
years struggling to maintain their rule against widespread
popular opposition. They had overthrown the provisional
democratic government and were inherently hostile to any form of
popular participation in politics. In the name of the
revolutionary cause, they employed ruthless methods to suppress
real or perceived political enemies. The small, elite group of
Bolshevik revolutionaries which formed the core of the newly
established Communist Party dictatorship ruled by decree,
enforced with terror.
This tradition of tight centralization, with decision-making
concentrated at the highest party levels, reached new dimensions
under Joseph Stalin. As many of these archival documents show,
there was little input from below. The party elite determined
the goals of the state and the means of achieving them in almost
complete isolation from the people. They believed that the
interests of the individual were to be sacrificed to those of the
state, which was advancing a sacred social task. Stalin's
"revolution from above" sought to build socialism by means of
forced collectivization and industrialization, programs that
entailed tremendous human suffering and loss of life.
Although this tragic episode in Soviet history at least had
some economic purpose, the police terror inflicted upon the party
and the population in the 1930s, in which millions of innocent
people perished, had no rationale beyond assuring Stalin's
absolute dominance. By the time the Great Terror ended, Stalin
had subjected all aspects of Soviet society to strict party-state
control, not tolerating even the slightest expression of local
initiative, let alone political unorthodoxy. The Stalinist
leadership felt especially threatened by the intelligentsia,
whose creative efforts were thwarted through the strictest
censorship; by religious groups, who were persecuted and driven
underground; and by non-Russian nationalities, many of whom were
deported en masse to Siberia during World War II because Stalin
questioned their loyalty.
Although Stalin's successors also persecuted writers and
dissidents, they used police terror more sparingly to coerce the
population, and they sought to gain some popular support by
relaxing political controls and introducing economic incentives.
Nonetheless, strict centralization continued and eventually led
to the economic decline, inefficiency, and apathy that
characterized the 1970s and 1980s, and contributed to the
Chernobyl' nuclear disaster. Mikhail Gorbachev's program of
perestroika was a reaction to this situation, but its success was
limited by his reluctance to abolish the bastions of Soviet
power--the party, the police, and the centralized economic
system--until he was forced to do so after the attempted coup in
August 1991. By that time, however, it was too late to hold
either the Communist leadership or the Soviet Union together.
After seventy-four years of existence, the Soviet system
crumbled.